Anilinopyrimidine management strategy

Anilinopyrimidine fungicides are
used to control brown rot
Monilinia fructicola in stonefruit.
(Photo: Philip Elmer.)
(revised December 2004)
A new fungicide resistance management strategy for apple black spot (Venturia inaequalis) has been put in place and supersedes the individual Mode of Action strategies shown elsewhere on this site for apple black spot in pipfruit.
The new strategy is available here.
Introduction
This fungicide use strategy is designed to avoid or delay the development of resistance of plant pathogens in New Zealand to anilinopyrimidine fungicides. It has been developed from previously published information (Beresford et al. 1999) in consultation with the New Zealand agricultural chemical industry (Agcarm Inc.) and is based on recommendations from the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) in Europe.
Anilinopyrimidine product perspective
Anilinopyrimidine fungicides have a site-specific mode of action in the targeted fungal pathogens that interferes with biosynthesis of the amino acid methionine and inhibits secretion of hydrolytic enzymes. They show no crossresistance with other fungicide groups, but there is cross-resistance among the active ingredients within the anilinopyrimidine group. Their spectrum of activity ranges from cereal diseases, such as powdery mildew and eyespot, to botrytis in grapes and black spot (scab) in apples. In New Zealand they are currently used against diseases of horticultural crops (Table 1). They have protective and some degree of systemic curative activity. Of the three anilinopyrimidine fungicides that have been commercialised (cyprodinil, mepanipyrim and pyrimethanil), cyprodinil and pyrimethanil were introduced into New Zealand in the mid- to late-1990s (Table 2).
Pathogen | Disease | Crop |
---|---|---|
Botrytis cinerea | Bunch rot | Grape |
Dry eye rot | Apple | |
Venturia inaequalis | Black spot | Apple |
Podosphaera leucotricha | Powdery mildew | Apple |
Monilinia fructicola, M. laxa | Blossom blight stage of brown rot | Peach, nectarine |
Common name | Trade name |
---|---|
cyprodinil | Chorus in Switch with Fludioxonil1 |
pyrimethanil | Scala, Pyrus |
1Fludioxonil is a phenylpyrrole fungicide and is in a different cross-resistance group to the anilinopyrimidines.
Current status of anilinopyrimidine resistance
No instances of anilinopyrimidine resistance have been recorded in New Zealand. Overseas laboratory and field studies have shown that there is a risk of resistance development in Botrytis cinerea and Venturia inaequalis. Resistance in B. cinerea involved a single gene mutation resulting in a qualitative shift in sensitivity in field isolates and field resistance in grapes involving a loss of disease control.
Monitoring in European vineyards under normal disease control practice in 2002 has indicated a low frequency of less sensitive B. cinerea isolates, but no loss of disease control. Venturia inaequalis sensitivity monitoring has not revealed field resistance.
Resistance prevention strategy
Observe maximum numbers of applications of anilinopyrimidines for specific crops and products (Table 3). Adhere to manufacturers' recommendations for application rate and timing for specific products. Reduced rate applications should be avoided.
In determining whether the maximum number of anilinopyrimidines applied per season has been reached, include the cumulative number of all fungicides containing anilinopyrimidine active ingredients (cyprodinil and pyrimethanil). Apply anilinopyrimidines preventatively when disease levels are low.
Implementation recommendations
Product labels should include a statement about resistance risk and a recommendation about the maximum numbers of anilinopyrimidine fungicides that should be applied.
Crop | Disease | Recommendations |
---|---|---|
Grapes | botrytis bunch rot |
|
Apples | black spot, powdery mildew, botrytis dry eye rot |
|
Peaches and nectarines | blossom blight stage of brown rot |
|
Acknowledgements
This resistance management strategy has been compiled with assistance from Jack Richardson (Agcarm Inc.), George Follas (Syngenta Crop Protection) and Max Moore (Bayer CropScience).
Reference
Beresford R, Pak H, Manktelow D, Follas G, Hagerty G 1999. Strategies to avoid resistance development to anilopyrimidine fungicides in New Zealand. Proceedings of the 52nd New Zealand Plant Protection Conference: 176-178.