Insecticide and miticide modes of action
The accompanying table lists insecticide active ingredients currently available for crop protection in New Zealand in groups according to shared risk from resistance development in target pests. The group codes are intended for use on pesticide labels to help in the prevention and management of pesticide resistance in New Zealand. Information used in constructing these tables came from publicly available information from the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee and CropLife Australia.
The New Zealand Committee on Pesticide Resistance (NZCPR) is a subcommittee of the New Zealand Plant Protection Society (NZPPS). Neither NZCPR or NZPPS guarantees that the information in these tables is accurate or up-to-date, or accepts any liability for loss or damage arising from the use information contained in these tables.
Use of Group Codes on pesticide product labels
For any product that contains an active ingredient at risk from resistance development, the product label should include a statement about resistance prevention or management. This statement should begin with the mode of action or activity group(s) of the at-risk ingredient(s), as in the following example:
Resistance prevention or management
Product_name contains the GROUP 16 insecticide, buprofezin. Do not use another product containing an insecticide in the same group in conjunction with Product_name when applying the resistance prevention or management guidelines below.
[Details of the resistance guidelines for this product then follow]
| Group Code | Mode of Action Group and Primary Site of Action | Chemical Sub-group or exemplifying Active Ingredient | Active Ingredient1 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors Nerve action Note: * All members of this class may not be cross resistant. Refer to the IRAC table for further information on cross-resistance |
Carbamates* |
carbaryl formetanate methiocarb methomyl |
| Organophosphates* | acephate azinphos methyl chlorpyrifos diazinon dichlorvos dimethoate fenamiphos maldison (malathion) methamidophos phorate pirimiphos-methyl terbufos |
||
| 2 | GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists Nerve action |
Cyclodiene | No registered actives |
| Phenylpyrazoles (Fiproles) | fipronil | ||
| 3 | Sodium channel modulators Nerve action |
Pyrethroids, Pyrethrins |
acrinathrin alpha-cypermethrin bifenthrin cypermethrin deltamethrin esfenvalerate flumethrin lambda-cyhalothrin permethrin pyrethrins tau fluvalinate |
| DDT, methoxychlor | No registered actives | ||
| 4 | Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists Nerve action |
Neonicotinoids | clothianidin imidacloprid thiacloprid thiamethoxam |
| Nicotine | No registered actives | ||
| Sulfoxaflor | sulfoxaflor | ||
| 5 | Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists Nerve action |
Spinosyns |
spinetoram spinosad |
| 6 | Chloride channel activators Nerve and muscle action |
Avermectins | abamectin emamectin benzoate |
| Milbemycins | No registered actives | ||
| 7 | Juvenile hormone mimics Growth regulation |
Juvenile hormone analogues | No registered actives |
| Fenoxycarb | No registered actives | ||
| Pyriproxyfen | pyriproxyfen | ||
| 8 | Miscellaneous non-specific (multi-site) inhibitors | Alkyl halides | methyl bromide |
| Chloropicrin | chloropicrin | ||
| Sulfuryl fluoride | No registered actives | ||
| 9 | Selective Homopteran feeding blockers | Pymetrozine | pymetrozine |
| Flonicamid | No registered actives | ||
| 10 | Mite growth inhibitors Growth regulation |
Clofentezine | clofentezine |
| Hexythiazox | hexythiazox | ||
| Etoxazole | etoxazole | ||
| 11 | Microbial disrupters of insect midgut membranes (Includes transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis toxins) |
Bacillus thuringiensis or B. sphaericus and the insecticidal proteins they produce | B.t. aizawai B.t. kurstaki |
| 12 | Inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthase Energy metabolism |
Diafenthiuron | No registered actives |
| Organotin miticides | No registered actives | ||
| Propargite | propargite | ||
| Tetradifon | No registered actives | ||
| 13 | Uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of the proton gradient Energy metabolism |
Chlorfenapyr | No registered actives |
| 14 | Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel blockers Nerve action |
Nereistoxin analogues | No registered actives |
| 15 | Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 0, Lepidopteran Growth regulation |
Benzoylureas | diflubenzuron lufenuron novaluron |
| 16 | Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 1, Homopteran Growth regulation |
Buprofezin | buprofezin |
| 17 | Moulting disruptor, Dipteran Growth regulation |
Cyromazine | cyromazine |
| 18 | Ecdysone receptor agonists Growth regulation |
Diacylhydrazines | tebufenozide methoxyfenozide |
| 19 | Octopamine agonists Nerve action |
Amitraz | amitraz |
| 20 | Mitchondrial complex III electron transport inhibitors (coupling site II) Energy metabolism |
Hydramethylnon | No registered actives |
| Acequinocyl | No registered actives | ||
| Fluacrypyrim | No registered actives | ||
| 21 | Mitchondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors Energy metabolism |
METI acaricides and insecticides | fenpyroximate |
| Rotenone | rotenone | ||
| 22 | Voltage-dependent sodium channel blocker Nerve action |
Indoxacarb | indoxacarb |
| Metaflumizone | No registered active | ||
| 23 | Inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase Lipid synthesis, growth regulation |
Tetronic and Tetramic acid derivatives | spiromesifen spirotetramat |
| 24 | Mitochondrial complex IV electron transport inhibitors Energy metabolism |
Phosphine | phosphine |
| Cyanide | hydrogen cyanide | ||
| 25 | Mitochondrial complex II electron transport inhibitors Energy metabolism |
Cyenopyrafen | No registered actives |
| 28 | Ryanodine receptor modulators Nerve and muscle action |
Diamides | chlorantraniliprole cyantraniliprole |
| UN2 | Compounds of unknown or uncertain mode of action | Azadirachtin | azadirachtin neem seed kernel extract |
| Dicofol | Noregistered actives | ||
| UNB3 | Entomopathogenic bacteria | Serratia entomophila | S. entomophila strain 626Entomopathogenic fungi |
| Entomopathogenic fungi | Beauveria bassiana | B. bassiana strains ATCC74040, K4B3 & K4B1 | |
| Lecanicillium lecanii | L. lecanii strains K4V1 & K4V2 | ||
| Verticillium lecanii | V. lecanii | ||
| Entomopathogenic virus | Granulosis virus | Cydia pomonella, Mexican strain | |
| Beneficial nematodes | Steinernema spp. |
S. carpocarsae strain 25 S. feltiae |
1Active ingredients listed for all groups are those registered as insecticides or miticides for use on plants or their products at the time of compilation of this table (October 2014). Any fungicide that exhibits activity against insects or mites has been excluded as have some insecticidal products, e.g., insecticidal soaps and oils for which there is currently little concern about resistance development. If there is a question about resistance or cross-resistance from older active ingredients no longer available in New Zealand, then refer to the IRAC table (www.irac-online.org) to determine the mode of action group to which they belong.
2A compound with an unknown or controversial mode of action or an unknown mode of toxicity will be held on a group 'UN' until evidence becomes available to enable that compound to be assigned to a more appropriate mode of action group.
3 Microorganisms with entomopathogenic properties that are yet to be classified or beneficial organisms. These are not listed by IRAC as yet.
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